For years, frontend development has been fragmented along the lines of competing JavaScript frameworks. Organizations building design systems often find themselves developing the same set of UI components multiple times—once for each technology stack in use across teams. This duplication results in wasted effort, inconsistent user experiences, and an increasing cost of maintenance. But there’s a better way forward: leveraging Web Components to foster true interoperability across frameworks without getting mired in “framework wars.”

What Are Web Components?

Web Components represent a set of standardized browser APIs that enable developers to create reusable, encapsulated HTML elements without relying on a particular framework. The key technologies that make up Web Components include:

  • Custom Elements: Define new HTML tags with associated behavior and lifecycle callbacks.
  • Shadow DOM: Encapsulates a component’s internal structure and styling to prevent conflicts with the rest of the document.
  • HTML Templates: Define HTML markup that can be cloned and rendered later, ideal for internal component structure.
  • ES Modules: Support component distribution as native modules with import/export syntax.

These features are supported by all modern browsers, making Web Components a future-proof solution for building UI systems that are agile, resilient, and truly universal.

The Case for Interoperability

Modern design systems face a common challenge: supporting a diverse range of applications built with React, Angular, Vue, Svelte, or even plain HTML. Developing framework-specific implementations of your components introduces duplicated work, inconsistent behaviors, and increased testing complexity.

Web Components offer a compelling proposition. They just work across frameworks. Whether your application is written in a legacy AngularJS codebase or the latest React setup, Web Components can plug directly in with minimal effort.

This interoperability means development teams can build and maintain one unified component library, without needing to port the same logic across multiple ecosystems. A button is a button; a date picker is a date picker—use them anywhere, implemented once.

The Benefits of Using Web Components in Design Systems

Using Web Components as the foundation of a design system yields several strategic advantages:

  • Encapsulation: Styles and scripts inside a Web Component won’t leak out and similarly, outside styles don’t interfere with inner behavior, enabling safe reuse.
  • Performance: Native browser APIs reduce dependency on large JS bundles and runtime overheads.
  • Consistency: A single source of truth for UI logic ensures the user interface behaves identically everywhere.
  • Reusability: Components can be reused not only across frameworks but also across projects, teams, and tools.
  • Future-proofing: As a standardized approach, Web Components shield you from being locked into the lifecycle of any particular framework.

Case Study: A Design System Powered by Web Components

Many enterprises have started adopting Web Components as the heart of their design systems. Consider a global financial institution with multiple digital products maintained by different development teams. One team uses Angular, another uses React, and yet another uses a legacy WebForms platform.

The institution decides to unify its design under a single sign-in interface, toolbar, and data visualization widgets. Developing these elements three or four times isn’t sustainable. Instead, the UI team creates a library of Web Components following W3C standards and distributes it internally using npm registries.

The result is a unified experience across products regardless of the underlying framework. All teams benefit from a consistent aesthetic and behavior—no silos, no rewrites, no duplicated QA efforts.

Challenges and Limitations

Despite these advantages, using Web Components is not without its nuances. Certain frameworks, particularly React, have idiosyncrasies that make seamless integration with Web Components less straightforward:

  • React: Special handling is needed to listen to custom events. Instead of using JSX’s standard onClick syntax, developers must use addEventListener().
  • Styling limitations: While the Shadow DOM helps encapsulate behavior, it can complicate things like theming or global style overrides.
  • Tooling maturity: Traditional framework-specific CLIs (Create React App, Vue CLI) may not support Web Components workflow natively, which means teams must configure rollup tools manually.

These issues are gradually being mitigated through community tooling and education. Libraries such as lit and compilers like Stencil provide abstractions to smooth over browser quirks while still outputting real Web Components.

Best Practices for Implementing Web Components in Your Design System

To make Web Components adoption successful, organizations should follow a clear set of best practices:

  1. Start Small: Begin with a basic component like <my-button> and integrate it into at least two different projects to test cross-framework compatibility.
  2. Use a Toolchain: Adopt modern libraries (e.g., Lit, Stencil) that offer productive authoring environments and output standards-compliant components.
  3. Enable Documentation: Clear documentation and live demos (via tools like Storybook or custom docs portals) are critical for team adoption.
  4. Version Carefully: Semantic versioning and changelogs are key to maintaining trust and predictable upgrades over time.
  5. Invest in Testing: Use end-to-end and component-level tests to validate behavior in different host environments (React, Angular, etc.).

Community and Ecosystem Trends

The adoption of Web Components continues to grow. Several high-profile players such as Salesforce, GitHub, and Adobe are already using or investing in Web Component-based design systems. The Open Web Components movement and conferences like Web Components Conf demonstrate growing enthusiasm and maturity.

Browser support is no longer a concern, with all evergreen browsers offering native support. Meanwhile, the design and dev tools ecosystem—like Figma to code exporters or automated documentation generators—are starting to support Web Components more robustly.

Conclusion

Web Components deliver on the promise of cleanly interoperable UI architecture, enabling design systems to serve an entire organization regardless of tech stack. Instead of fighting framework wars, development teams can align around a shared vocabulary of standardized components.

While there are some technical hurdles, many of them are solvable through tooling and documentation. By embracing Web Components, leaders can build resilient, scalable, and future-proof design systems that deliver both technical harmony and world-class user experiences.

As the web continues to evolve, bets on open standards like Web Components will outlast the rise and fall of individual frameworks. One component to rule them all—and teams that collaborate more, not argue across stacks.

The future of frontend is framework-agnostic. And with Web Components, that future is already here.